Handout Research Methods in Applied Linguistics free essay sample

How did the UK population talk about Mexico between 1970’s and 1993? Corpus analysis of the word ‘Mexico’ in the BNC, also with the word ‘Mexican’ as they are directly related. For this assignment I will use the BNC (found 1531 tokens for ‘Mexico’ and 680 for ‘Mexican’), where I will analyse how the UK talked about Mexico between the 1970’s and 1993. My major area of study is business, and I am interested in finding out how discourse analysis using corpora can be used in Marketing, but particularly in the marketing of Mexico in the UK. The UK is currently in 3rd place, following the United States of America and Canada, of the number of visitors (by air) to Mexico. However, the number of visitors from the UK is only 6% of the number of visitors from the United States of America. The Mexican government is concerned that the image of Mexico overseas is not being marketed well. We will write a custom essay sample on Handout Research Methods in Applied Linguistics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After reading statements from the president of Mexico and articles about the new strategies to promote tourism to Mexico in the UK, there seem to be two main reasons why the tourism from the UK in Mexico has not grown: 1) the media have made people believe that the security situation in Mexico is worse than it actually is and 2) the distance and the costs of travelling to Mexico are too high. Looking at the statistics from 2008 to date, the number of visitors has not changed dramatically so I wonder if perhaps is not the distance and is not the way Mexico is marketed in the UK currently, but the way Britons have had Mexico portrayed to them throughout their lives (if we talk about the adults of today and the generation before them). So, with this research, I aim to find out if the image of Mexico that we are shown in the Media today in Britain is something new or if it is the image that has been present in the UK since the 1970’s. This type of analysis, and perhaps in a bigger scale, could be used to promote and market Mexico in the UK as it would show how people talk about the country and this will give the government a real idea of what needs to be changed and how they can create better marketing with the purpose of increasing the number of visitors from the UK in Mexico and potentially from other countries in Europe. Reading list: Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis (Baker, 2006) Exploring Corpus Linguistics: Language in Action (Cheng, 2012) Discourse Analysis: A resource book for students (Rodney H. Jones, 2012) Secretaria de Turismo (SECTUR), Web Site www. sectur. gob. mx Consejo de Promocion Turistica de Mexico’ (CPTM), Web Site. www. cptm. com. mx Sistema Integral de Informacion de Mercados Turisticos (SIIMT), Web Site. www. siimt. com El porvernir (2011; accessed 20120) Web Site| | | | | | | | | | | www. elporvenir. mx

Evolution of the Internet essays

Evolution of the Internet essays In 1957, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, President Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced the Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA. Soon after, Dr. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT wrote the first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking.1 This idea of networking was tossed around at MIT, UCLA, and at the RAND Corporation, which eventually led to ARPANET. Thanks to Lickliders expertise, he soon integrated ARPA from military use to private universities. From the early days back in the 60s, till the present, the Internet as we know it has been ever changing, ever since. Initially, the internet had only 4 nodes, or hosts. As of January 2002, there were 147, 344, 723 hosts.2 In 1991, Father of the Internet, Timothy Berners Lee, and other researchers at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics made it possible to connect content throughout these networks using hypertext links. Prior to the Web, local dial-up networks could be accessed for free which were known as bulletin boards, or in computer lingo, BBS. Area residents could now engage in chat, play games, post messages, and view very basic web pages with other local residents. Bulletin Boards are often mistaken as the Internet. Bulletin Boards were simply an early form of using a computers modem to dial-up other local bulletin boards. Much like the constant changing Internet, bulletin boards soon became forgotten history. From the early to mid nineties, the Internet has literally soared. In just June of 1993 there were merely 130 web sites; by 1994, there were 3,000. Presently, there are millions of web sites on the Internet. These web sites are categorized into domains based on the nature of their content. .com, .net, .edu, .mil, .org, and .int are the three level domains that are currently in use. We may soon se ...

Explicating two poems - compare and contrast Essay

Explicating two poems - compare and contrast - Essay Example The two poems are on the subject of childhood with reference to the innocence that is conceded by children in their very hearts as well as wholesomeness of their passions or zeal. The poems moreover depict childhood of the poets and how they experience evocative feelings concerning the preeminent time of their lives which had enormous possibilities but which have become precedent already. Mutually, the poems characterize delight and recollections of childhood. The disparity between these two poems is that Mitchell’s poem is incredibly optimistic, has its core focus on celebrating children. Riley’s poem, on the other hand, upholds its concern on the poet’s own childhood experience. Mitchell’s poem; â€Å"The Love will Start with a Word about Children† encompass straightforward words that illustrate that children have continual potentials as pure and innocent beings. Mitchell articulates her outlook as regards small kids in a reasonably incredible approach. She has used simple defined word, which is continent, to symbolically stand for children. She considers that just like a continent can have many nations and look forward to a lot of development in its life, the children also have endless possibilities in life. We on no account know what a child will be able to explore. She has especially and confidently expressed the responsibility of parents in helping their kids to explore the world. They get to be ac quainted with themselves and their roots through their parents. She believes that after some time, these children will grow up and will advance or promote matching acquaintance and aptitude to their children. Riley in â€Å"The Child-World† has conferred the world of children according to his personal experience. The poet has given the impression of his own home, his street and Indiana of his own childhood. In addition he argues

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Business - Essay Example It is vital for tracking supply components and management’s communication to workers. Another prominent way in which workers may utilize tablets or smart phones regards the system of instant messaging. It was previously regarded as personal. However, it proves as a fast and a cost-effective way of communicating. As regards to this system, managers and fellow workers can be aware of the workers that are assigned at their desks. It proves as an effective way of attaining crucial and fast information. There are two security concerns that a business may have with employees that communicate outside a network. A crucial concern pertains to the issue of confidentiality (Salomon, 2003). This regards the concept whether information is available to the right entities’ or owners. An example regards the aspect of a credit card transaction. Such information should only be available to the buyer and seller. In this aspect, credit cards require encryption in order that it remains inaccessible to other networks and others individuals. Another critical issue concerns with the aspect of data integrity (Salomon, 2003). In data integrity, the same should not be modified in an undetectable way. The breach of integrity occurs when another force modifies data during its transit. Users can attain harm on the breach of data. This regards the alteration of personal information that may implicate an individual fraud or

Planet feedback Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planet feedback Assignment - Essay Example For example, in the top five comments, the trending is associated with faulty products and customer value. Customers could actually forward these concerns to customer service department, especially that all of them are actually negative comments about the products and services Dell offered to its prospective and potential customers. In the case of some concerns about faulty products, based on the top five letters, a customer tries to bring the topic about defective product that is cheaply made and comment on expensive repair for it. As a result, the customer has come to decide buying another brand in the future. At the last part of the letter, the customer tries to recommend and address it to the company not to make their products so cheap and even to apply them better warranty. The customer also has a preconceived idea, those products that are cheap and with no better warranty must have come from China or made in there. This is a negative feedback on the part of Dell and remarkably needs serious response on the part of the management. The mentioned concern of this specific customer possibly threatens the kind of image Dell would create in the market. This would eventually try to make possible customer erosion or even loss of chance of purchase on Dell’s product offerings from those who are still searchi ng for the best brand. They are the ones most likely looking for the best brand feedback as they would want to maximize the value for their money. So this is actually the next concern of the other letter sent to Dell at Planetfeedback. Another customer expresses bad experience with Dell products. This customer seems to have high level of loyalty for Dell brands from the start. This customer used to patronize Dell’s offerings for four years, but not until having bad purchase with defective product. This fails the customer’s expectation, leaving the idea it is not worth to buy products from Dell again. The bottom line of this

Interaction of Light with Sound in a Crystalline Structure

Interaction of Light with Sound in a Crystalline Structure Lewis Allison Abstract The effects of altering the angle of incidence acoustic intensity were investigated using a lead molybdate crystal with a Piezo-electric transducer attached. A HeNe laser was used as a light source for the investigation. The angle of diffraction at which the first order beam was found to be 0.027 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad the acoustic intensity in the crystal at 140MHz was 14.3104 W m-2  ± 2.9104 W m-2. Introduction The interaction between of light sound has been observed investigated since ancient Greece. However, Leon Brillion a French-American physicist, was first to predict diffraction of light by sound in 1922(1). Bragg’s angle is given by the Bragg’s law(2-4) explains the scattering of electromagnetic waves both coherently incoherently through a crystalline structure. In this investigation the sound waves propagating through the lead molydbate(8) crystal change the refractive index. A photon at one instance may experience, for instance a refractive index of 2.3, where as a photon a moment later will experience a different refractive index from atoms in the crystal being displaced by the pressure of the sound wave(9). This means the photons will be travelling at different speeds through the medium, so when it emerges the beams of light then interact interfere with each other. This creates the maxima minima from the constructive deconstructive interference. Bragg’ s Law(4-7) describes the condition at which the constructive interference takes place. The source of the sound waves which propagate through the crystal is a Piezo-electric transducer. 140Mhz was applied to the transducer by the RF Driver which can alternate the magnitude of the sound wave produced. The transducer was mounted on a rotational stage allowing the effects of transmitted light intensity when the angle of incidence of the light onto the modulator crystal was altered. A HeNe laser was used in the experiment as the light source. A viewing screen was used, so the diffraction characteristics could be seen a metre rule was used to measure the distsance from the acousto-optic modulator to the viewing screen photo detector. Method Fig.1 shows the setup of the experiment. The position, on the optical axis, of both the lens aperture acousto-optic modulator with the rotation stage was unchanged throughout the investigation. A) Familiarisation with RF Driver Acousto-optic Modulator The Laser was switched on, as well as the RF driver, photo detector digital mulitmeter. The Bragg modulator rotational stage controls were familiarized with. The viewing screen was placed 50cm from the front of the acousto-optic modulator. The control of the RF Driver rotational stage were then altered the effects noted. B) Measurement of the Bragg angle The viewing screen from part A) was placed, so that the centre of the screen was at the centre of the zero order beam. The rotational stage was then rotated until the 1st order beams were both at their brightest. Each millimeter on the micrometer was found to be 1.69 ° change in angle. The number of squares was then measured from the right edge of the Zero order beam to the right edge of the right 1st order beam the right edge of the left 1st order beam. This gave the Bragg angle by using simple trigonometry. Then the answer was compared to the analytically found value. The following equation shows Sell’s law applied to the incident beam show how the light will be diffracted by the medium; Where Λ is the acoustic wavelength, ÃŽËœ is the angle from the conversion from the micrometer reading ÃŽ »/n the optical path length through the material, n being the Refractive index ÃŽ » being the wavelength of the laser light. The acoustic wavelength can be found by using the e lectronic frequency the speed of sound in the material, Lead Molybdate being 3750 m/s. Approximating for small angles, Equ.1 can be written as; Rafraction will occur at the crystal faces, allowing this gives the Bragg angle; .Where ÃŽ » was taken as 632.9nm laser light. Part C) Investigating the intensity of diffracted light with changing acousto-optic modulator angle The Photo detector was placed 50cm from the base of the modulator. It was aligned so the zero order maximum was entering the ‘Slow detector’ input the iris on the front of the photo detector was adjusted so that the full beam width could enter the detector no more. The slow detector output was then hooked up to the digital multimeter. The viewing screen was then placed to block infront of the acousto-optic modulator to block the laser light the multimeter reading was taken to give the ambient light or 0% reading. The laser light was then allowed to hit the photo detector, with no power applied from the RF drive to the modulator the reading was taken from the multimeter. This gave the full 100% intensity reading. The value of RF drive power that gave the minimum zero order reading was then found the RF power was then set at that value for the rest of the experiment. Th e modulator angle was set at 5.5mm the output power was recorded. Steps of 0.05mm were then taken the output power at each value was recorded. This was then repeated with the right first order beam, with the same start point increments. The values on the micrometer were then converted to angles in degrees the output power values were converted to percentages of the zero order maximum value. The Acoustic Intensity was then found using the equation; Where, Iac is the acoustic intensity, ÃŽ » is the laser light wavelength (632.8nm), L is the beam width (approximately 15mm) Pdif Pinc are the light power diffracted incident light power respectively. D) The Apparatus remained in the same setup as before. The Transistor-Transistor-Logic Gate (TTL) was then turned on. A square wave with an initial frequency was set. This causes the power into the RF driver to alternate between the manually set option on the knob completely off has a rise fall time of 50ns. The modulator was set to maximize the 1st order beam the angle was set to 5mm on the micrometer (8.45 °). The photo detector (still 50cm from the base of the modulator) was connected to the oscilloscope. The input from the TTL was also connected to the oscilloscope the signal from both the input TTL photo detector were shown. The photo detector was 1st placed in alignment with e zero order wave the result was recorded. The photo detector was then placed on the right hand side 1s order beam the resulting signals were recorded. The frequency was then increased to find at what value the signal was still modulated. Results Part A)It was found that increasing the RF drive power caused 1st order beams to appear a futher increase caused 2nd order beams to appear. Rotating the platform, from no rotation, 0mm on the micrometer, caused the 2nd order beam to dim disappear on the left hand side of the zero order maxima. The 1st order on the left hand side became brighter, then dimmed as the micrometer reading was increased. The zero order beam started dim, but as the micrometer reading was increased the acousto-optic modulator on the rotational stage became orthogonal to the viewing screen the beam became brighter. As the acousto-optic modulator moved past being orthogonal, the zero order dimmed the 1st order beam on the right hand side became brighter the 2nd order beam on the right hand side appeared. Part B) The angle between the right hand 1st order the zero order beam was found to be 0.0260 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad. The left hand 1st order beam was found to have 0.0280 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad angle between its elf the zero order beam. The theoretical Bragg angle was found to be 0.0118 Rad, taking the the spped sound in Lead Molybdate to be 3750 the electrical frequency to be 140MHz. Part C) Fig.2 shows the results for the part of the experiment Using the graph Equ.5, the Acoustic intensity was found to be 14.3 x 104 W m-2  ± 2.9 x 104 W m-2. Part D) the following figure shows the results from the zero order beam 1st order beam against the TTL input signal; Fig.3 shows the signal from the photo detector on channel 1, with the TTL square wave on channel 2. This figure shows the waves are in phase (the larger wave being from the TTL, the slightly hazier signal being from the photo detector) Fig.4 shows the signal from the photo detector on channel 1 again the TTL signal is on channel 2, showing this time the signals are out of phase. The delay between the zero order beam beam the TTL signal fluctuating between the zero 1 state was found to be 140nS  ± 10nS. As the pulse generator frequency was increased the beam was found to change to not resemble the TTL input signal. The maximum value where the beam was still modulated was found to be 110MHz  ± 10MHz. Discussion The experiments in this investigation were relatively easy to set up after some familiarsation took place. The control on the RF driver was a knob that had no indication of what magnitude the dial was set at, so it was difficult to identify if the setting had changed during readings being taken. In part A) it was fairly difficult to establish the edge of the zero order 1st order beams on the viewing screen. The laser itself was found not to give a stable reading, which made parts C) D) difficult. The reading from the laser on the multimeter fluctuated by roughly 10mV for each reading taken in part C). A larger amount of error was introduced by the instability of the laser, however if the investigation was to be repeated more measurements could be taken averages for values would give a clearer relationship. When the RF driver power was set to give the minimum zero order value, the 2nd order maxima were not visible. They gave readings witch fluctuated to the 0% reading or reading fo r the ambient light. This meant only the 1st order maxima could be investigated. Experimental judgments throughout this investigation cause error. Conclusion Through analysis, the angle at which the light diverged from the zero order maxima should be 0.012 Rad. It was found on this experiment that the first order maxima diverged from the acoustically modulated crystal at an angle of 0.027 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad. Through further investigation the 1st order maxima was found to be Ï€ Rad out of phase with the zero order beam. The acoustic intensity in experienced in the crystal was found to be 14 x 104 W m-2  ± 2.9 x 104 W m-2. References Leon Brillouin,Ann. Phys.(Paris) 17, 88 (1922). John M. Cowley (1975)Diffraction physics(North-Holland, Amsterdam)ISBN 0-444-10791-6 H. Eklund, A. Roos, S. T. Eng. Rotation of laser beam polarization in acousto-optic devices.Optical and Quantum Electronics. 1975;7(2):73–79.doi:10.1007/BF00631587 R.Y.Chiao, C.H.Townes and B.P.Stoicheff, Stimulated Brillouin scattering and coherent generation of intense hypersonic waves,Phys. Rev. Lett.,12, 592 (1964) Carl. R. Nave.Braggs Law. HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. Retrieved 2008-07-19 Bragg, W.L. (1913). The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society17: 43–57. F.L. Liu, P.St.J. Russell, L.Dong, Acousto-optic modulator using a fibre Bragg Grating, Optoelectronics Res. Cen., University of Southampton G. A. Coquin, D. A. Pinnow, A. W. Warner, Physical Properties of Lead Molybdate Relevant to Acousto-Optic Device Applications, J. App. Phy. A 6, Vol 42 (May 1971) A.Rosencwaig, A. Gersho, Theory of the Photoacoustic Effect with Solids, Journal of Applied Physics, 47(1), 64-69 (1976) A. Yarvin, P. Yen, â€Å"Wave Propagation in Periodic Media† in Optical electronics in modern communication, (Oxford 2007), pp. 539-82

Complexities of Dr. Martin Luther King Essay -- Civil Rights

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s impact on the civil rights movement was nothing short of monumental. To say anything less may be considered sacrilege in the history of the United States. King’s liberal and Christian upbringing, comfortable and educated childhood, and his theological education all played a large part in his contributions to civil rights in America. Perhaps one of his most sustained acts was his ability to represent the plight of African American rights while simultaneously portraying a palatable character to White America. In addition to leading various civil disobedience campaigns, he served as the movement’s main â€Å"strategist, theorist, and symbol maker† while also becoming the â€Å"movement’s chief interpreter to white Americans.† Stewart Burns actually goes so far as to suggest King, early on, realized his destiny was to be both a black Moses, delivering his brothers from the injustice of Jim Crow, as well as a Christ-like figure, offering equal measures of love, compassion, and forgiveness. This of course caused him to be disliked and criticized amongst some of the more nationalist and militant black leaders of the time, but inversely, allowed many Americans to sympathize with the movement’s main goals. Perhaps one of the best pieces of evidence showing King’s ideology is found in his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† written in April of 1963. In it, King writes a response to other black civil rights leaders. He responds to the consensus that his current activities may be â€Å"unwise and untimely.† King rebukes this sentiment, outlining many important tenets of his belief structure, including the connection between all human beings, his non-violent civil disobedience strategies, his extremist love, and most import... ...Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. University Of Chicago Press, 1991. Howard-Pitney, David. Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and the Civil Rights Struggle of the 1950s and 1960s: A Brief History with Documents. First ed. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2004. Kennedy, Randall. â€Å"Martin Luther King’s Constitution: A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.† Yale Law Journal 98 (1989 1988): 999. King, Jr., Dr. Martin Luther. â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail.† Martin Luther King Jr. Online, April 16, 1963. http://www.mlkonline.net/jail.html. Mikelson, Thomas J. S. â€Å"Cosmic Companionship: The Place of God in the Moral Reasoning of Martin Luther King, Jr.† The Journal of Religious Ethics 18, no. 2 (October 1, 1990): 1-14. Sturm, Douglas. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr., as Democratic Socialist.† The Journal of Religious Ethics 18, no. 2 (October 1, 1990): 79-105.

A New Kind of Structure

1. Describe the structural problems HP had. When Mark Hurd assumed his new role as CEO of HP, he soon realized that many of the company’s structural problems were related to the fact that eleven layers of management separated him from HP’s customers. Top corporate customers of the company told him that they did not know whom to contact at HP to respond to their questions. HP’s head of corporate technology said that she had to wait three months to secure approval to hire 100 sales specialists.Moreover, HP’s salespeople were able to spend only about one-third of the time with customers; the remainder of their workday was spent in negotiating the bureaucracy inside of HP. 2. How did Mark Hurd decide to address his company’s structural problems? What do you think of his changes? How do you think the company’s customers responded to these changes? How about the company’s executives and sales force? In attempting to remedy the structural pro blems at his company, Mark Hurd first terminated the employment of underperformers and eliminated three layers of sales management.He also eliminated one sales group and merged those sales representatives into the remaining sales groups. Company executives and members of the sales force are likely pleased that the increased efficiency in the organization enables them to make decisions more quickly and to spend more time interacting with customers. Customers must be more satisfied to see that their needs and concerns are being met more effectively and efficiently. 3. Would a more mechanistic or a more organic structure be appropriate for HP? Why?Considering the rapidly changing nature of the products, and particularly the services, offered by HP, the appropriate structure for this company would have many characteristics of an organic structure. Changing times and intense competition within its industry require that HP be quickly responsive and proactive in its corporate strategy; an organic structure would be more conducive to this type of strategy. 4. What role do you think organizational structure plays in an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness?Explain. Organizational structure plays a key role in enabling a company to function smoothly, to remain responsive to its internal and external stakeholders, and to adapt to changes in the marketplace. Innovation is facilitated by fewer layers of management, and students have already learned that the survival and success of a company is usually dependent upon its ability to function as a learning organization that promotes innovation.

8 Ways a Scene List Can Make Writing Your Novel Easier

8 Ways a Scene List Can Make Writing Your Novel Easier There are as many ways to write a book as there are authors who have written them. Some writers dont outline at all, while others extensively outline a book project before writing the first page. Some plan chapters by outline their novels on the wall of their office (William Faulkner, were looking at you!), while others like J.K. Rowling compose an extensive scene list like the one were going to discuss in this article.A rudimentary scene list handwritten by J.K. Rowling and used to write the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.1. A scene list is your novel in Excel spreadsheet formThe easiest way to think of a scene list is to think of it as a detailed outline of your novel in spreadsheet format. Obviously, this can be done by hand (as J.K. Rowling proves) but a much easier way to make it happen is on an Excel spreadsheet.2. A scene list ensures your novel contains necessary elementsThis worksheet for writers, provided by author Jami Gold, is a great resource to help you determine the exact elements needed for each scene to write a well-written novel. As a summary of the worksheet, he notes:Your scene should include at least one of these essential elements:A plot pointA characters goalAction to advance the plotAction to increase the tensionScenes should also reveal at least two of the following important elements:Character developmentA cause of character conflictAn effect of character conflictHow stakes are raisedA reinforcement of the stakesCharacter motivationScenes can also reveal these bonus elements:Character backstoryWorld buildingThe storys tone or moodStory themeForeshadowingAs you are creating your scene list on an Excel spreadsheet, keep these essential, important, and bonus elements in mind for the columns. Doing so will help ensure that each scene you write has the necessary elements needed to keep the plot moving forward the way it should. A scene that is written that doesnt contain any essential or important elemen ts is also a scene that can be considered for cutting when revising the rough draft into a final draft.3. A scene list is easier to keep track of than post-it notesThe elements involved in a scene list are likely portions of your novels outline that youve already reproduced on post-it notes, index cards, or a similar variation. In fact, this article published by the WriteOnSisters, speaks of the Wall of Sticky Notes used in the process of screenwriting- a process very similar to novel writing. Its based on Blake Snyders Save the Cat series- a series Ive mentioned often in my articles on plot structure- and helps writers determine the basic beats of the story (aka, the action points of the plot).Some of the important elements that should be included on your scene list, and suggested columns are:Column 1: The number of the scene within the overall outlineColumn 2: The name and/or brief summary of the sceneColumn 3: POVColumn 4: The date of the scene within the storyColumn 5: The setti ng(s) in which the scene will take placeColumn 6: Plot of sceneColumn 7: Characters motivationColumn 8: Costume images/ideasColumn 9: Prop images/ideasColumn 10: Scene elements, as detailed in point #2. (NOTE: For a more detailed scene list, each element in point #2 can have its own column, which is checked according to the purpose the scene serves for easy identification.)Column 11: Proposed word countColumn 12: Actual word count4. A scene list keeps track of POV when your novel contains severalMany modern bestsellers (Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn and The Girl On the Train by Paula Hawkins) take advantage of multiple points of view (POV) to keep the reader guessing the truth until the very end. Its a modern, fascinating method of storytelling but one that requires careful planning on the part of the author to ensure that all narratives meet at a certain point and all perspectives make logical sense throughout the course of the narrative.Using a scene list to keep track with the multi ple points of view and the story arc that each encounters throughout chapters is an easy way to ensure that each POV achieves what it should achieve- namely, plot progression or character building.5. A scene list allows you to organize images and ideas for props, costume, setting, etc.One benefit of software (e.g., spreadsheet software such as Excel) is its ability to hold multiple media related to a scene. For example, when you find a particular costume online as a .JPEG or .PNG file, you can easily upload it into a spreadsheet column for future reference. Granted- in past times, the same thing was accomplished by printing out the costume image or cutting it from a magazine and pasting it to a physical sheet of paper (or wall, as in Faulkners case). However, technology has made it so much easier for writers to copy and paste various media- whether an image file, song file, or text file- and place it into a spreadsheet for easy viewing and cataloging. These types of media can all be included in your scene list spreadsheet with simply copying and pasting a digital file.6. A scene list will keep you on track with your writing goalsOne column of your scene list spreadsheet should be reserved for an editorial calendar. Just as Faulkner wrote the various days tasks on the walls of his study, you can also create a writing calendar for your novel- all without damaging paint and your homes interior.To stay on a certain schedule when writing your book, we suggest creating a column that represents a timeline for writing your novel. For some writers, this column could be a daily column (e.g., Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, etc.). For others, this could be a weekly or monthly column- really, it depends on how often you write and the timeline you are giving yourself for getting your novel finished.In either case, think of a scene list as a timeline for both you and your characters to reach the end of the novel-writing process. Once you determine the exact scenes that are need ed from beginning to end in your book, divide them up over the timespan youre giving yourself to complete writing it.Your scene list can be a timeline to help you finish your novel based on your calendar and writing goals. Photo by Suhyeon Choi on Unsplash.7. A scene list will help when its time to edit your novelIn the often-troubling, definitely stressful time of editing your rough draft, a scene list will help you view your novel with an eagle-eye viewpoint to determine what- if anything- can and should be cut. In essence, here is a list of the necessary scenes your novel should contain, as noted by Shawn Coyne of Story Grid:The inciting incident at the beginning of your story.The inciting incident at the middle of your story.The inciting incident at the end of your story.A scene that progressively complicates the beginning of your story.A scene that progressively complicates the middle of your story.A scene that progressively complicates the end of your story.A scene that create s a crisis question at the beginning of your story.A scene that creates a crisis question in the middle of your story.A scene that creates a crisis question at the end of your story.A scene that climaxes the beginning of your story.A scene that climaxes the middle of your story.A scene that climaxes the end of your story.A scene that resolves the beginning of your story.A scene that resolves the middle of your story.A scene that resolves the end of your story.8. A scene list ensures that all chapters are relevantIn his TedTalk titled, How to Write Your Novel in Under 20 Minutes, author Simon Van Booy, winner of the 2009 Frank OConnor International Short Story Award, discusses the often-painstaking process of removing irrelevant chapters- otherwise known as chapters that dont advance the plot, characterization, or worldbuilding efforts of your writing:Write each scene, write each chapter†¦. put them together and theres your novel. After a year of rewriting, youve got a first dra ft, congratulations. If you can take away a pearl and it stays intact, congratulations, youve found a superfluous chapter. If you take away a chapter, take away a pearl, and the rest of the string collapses and chapters are everywhere†¦. its good, because every chapter needs to drive the narrative forward†¦and then what do you do? You just keep rewriting until you stop changing things.Simon Van BooyCreating a scene list will help identify these superfluous chapters early in the editing phase, helping you to remove any portions of your novel that dont serve a purpose in advancing the narrative, characterization, or worldbuilding.Final thoughtsNow that you understand the basics of a scene list and how it can help you develop your novel, explore the idea and adapt it to your writing however best fits your style. If youre the type of writer that needs to plan everything out in detail before putting pen to the page (or fingers to the keyboard), you can add to the columns as muc h as needed to help you envision each scene and how it moves the plot forward. Or, if youre more of a fly by the seat of your pants type of writer, you can use fewer columns but still reap the benefits of a scene list in each draft and editing stage of your work.

The History of Ultrasound in Medicine

The History of Ultrasound in Medicine Ultrasound refers to sound waves above the human range of hearing, 20,000 or more vibrations per second. Ultrasonic devices are used for measuring distance and detecting objects, but it’s in the realm of medical imaging that most people are familiar with ultrasound. Ultrasonography, or diagnostic sonography, is used to visualize structures inside the human body, from bones to organs, tendons, and blood vessels, as well as the fetus in a pregnant woman.   Ultrasound was developed by Dr. George Ludwig at the Naval Medical Research Institute in the late 1940s. The physicist John Wild is known as the father of medical ultrasound for imaging tissue in 1949. In addition, Dr. Karl Theodore Dussik of Austria published the first paper on medical ultrasonics in 1942, based on his research on transmission ultrasound investigation of the brain; and Professor Ian Donald of Scotland developed practical technology and applications for ultrasound in the 1950s. How It Works   Ultrasound is used in a large array of imaging tools. A transducer gives off the sound waves that are reflected back from organs and tissues, allowing a picture of what is inside the body to be drawn on a screen.   The transducer produces sound waves from 1 to 18 megahertz. The transducer is often used with a conductive gel to enable the sound to be transmitted into the body. The sound waves are reflected by internal structures in the body and hit the transducer in return. These vibrations are then translated by the ultrasound machine and transformed into an image. The depth and strength of the echo determine the size and shapes of the image. Obstetric Ultrasound Ultrasound can be very useful during pregnancy. Ultrasound can determine the gestational age of the fetus, its proper location in the womb, detect ​the fetal heartbeat, determine multiple pregnancies, and can determine the sex of the fetus. While ultrasonic imaging can change temperature and pressure in the body, there is little indication of harm to the fetus or mother through imaging. Nonetheless, American and European medical bodies urge ultrasonic imaging to be performed only when medically necessary.

Nursing Contribution to Patient Recovery from Anesthesia Essay

Nursing Contribution to Patient Recovery from Anesthesia - Essay Example According to the report  general anesthesia is known to significantly affect the behavioral responses of individuals which are considered as imperative in normal thermoregulation such as shivering or vasoconstriction. This occurs due to the combination of drugs administered during anesthesia which affects the anaesthetized patients by hampering their ability to respond to the degree or extent of pain suffered by them. Pain assessment tools are particularly useful in cases of assessing the extent and degree of pain in highly complicated and chronic illnesses such as cancer. Poorly managed pain attracts the risk of legal action among clinicians and results in a series of psychological responses such as anxiety and depression among the patients and their families. Pain is reportedly inadequately managed and continues to be so in various hospitals across the U.S.  From this study it is clear that  the patients, who care still under the influence of anesthesia and under recovery, ar e required to be transferred to the post anesthesia care unit, more popularly referred to as the PACU. The nurses in charge of the patients are required to review all the vital information related to the patients and conduct an immediate assessment. The patients are expected to be cared for by the nurses until they have completely recovered from the effects of anesthesia and their health is stabilized as is indicated by the effective resumption of their sensory functions and vital signs.... As per the post operation instructions, the anesthetist handed over the drugs used in theatre and then the scrub nurse briefed me on the progress of Ben. General anesthesia is known to significantly affect the behavioral responses of individuals which are considered as imperative in normal thermoregulation such as shivering or vasoconstriction. This occurs due to the combination of drugs administered during anesthesia which affects the anaesthetized patients by hampering their ability to respond to the degree or extent of pain suffered by them (Woodhead and Wicker, 2005). Pain assessment tools are particularly useful in cases of assessing the extent and degree of pain in highly complicated and chronic illnesses such as cancer (Breivik et al, 2008). Poorly managed pain attracts the risk of legal action among clinicians and results in a series of psychological responses such as anxiety and depression among the patients and their families. Pain is reportedly inadequately managed and con tinues to be so in various hospitals across the U.S. The under treatment of pain is one of the key concerns among the healthcare providers. Statistics suggest that almost eighty per cent of surgical patients in the U.S. reported to have experienced varying degrees of pain, ranging from moderate to severe, post surgery. This included patients of chronic illnesses such as cancer as well as elderly patients (Hughes, 2008). From the response that Ben provided, I inferred that he had only minimal pain. This is because Ben provided scores of zero to 3 and not more than that. I went ahead and performed a comprehensive examination using the ABCDE approach. The second goal is to disintegrate as much as possible the otherwise complex

Human Transport System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Transport System - Essay Example The atria and ventricle are separated by auricoventricular septum with a aperture guarded by three flaps called as tricuspid valve which prevents back flow of blood from right ventricle to right atria when right ventricle contracts. The opening of pulmary artery is also guarded by semi lunar valves to prevent the back flow of blood from pulmonary artery to right ventricle when it contracts. Thus right side of the heart receives venous blood from all parts of the body and pumps it to lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart also comprises of two chambers iii) upper left thin walled atria which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins and pumps to iv) lower left ventricle in turn opens to aorta to distribute to all parts of the body. Here again the atrioventricular septum separates upper and lower left atria and the ventricle with an aperture guarded by two flaps called the 'bicuspid valve' and the opening of aorta is guarded by 'aortic valve'. The superior vena cava collecting the deoxygenated blood from upper torso and head and Inferior venacava collecting from the lower torso and legs feeds the right atrium. The right atrium on contraction pours to right ventricle. The right chambers are small compared to left chambers as they carry blood to lungs of about a short distance. From the right ventricle pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to lungs for reoxygenation. After reoxygenation from lungs the blood is carried through pulmonary vein to left atrium which on contraction pumps to left ventricle. When the left ventricle if full the left atrium contracts pumping the blood in the left ventricle into the aorta which then distributes to entire body by means of small arteries arterioles and capillaries. Types of circulation I) Coronary circulation: Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood through the tissues of the heart for its own nourishment. The two coronary arteries branch from aorta and further branch themselves into smaller arteries capable enough to penetrate the cardiac muscles. II) Pulmonary circulation: The deoxygenated blood in right atrium is pumped to right ventricle and from there to lungs for reoxygenation and back from lungs to left atrium and subsequently to left ventricle is known as pulmonary circulation. III) Systemic circulation: the reoxygenated blood collected from lungs leaves the heart through the main artery-aorta. Aorta supplies the reoxygenated blood to all parts of the body through network of smaller arteries and capillaries. Again after the exchange of oxygen and metabolites it is collected from the capillaries of venous system and directed to the right atrium through two vena cavae. This phase is systemic circulation. During systemic circulation blood passes through kidneys for waste removal known as 'renal circulation' phase and also through small intestine known and 'portal circulation' phase. Structure and functions of the blood vessels Anatomically all blood vessels are made up of three layers i) inner -tunica intima. It is made up of flat endothelial cells resting on a layer of connective tissue with