What is the marketing mix

What is the trade salmagundiWhat is the merchandising assortmentThe merchandising mix of intersection point, Price, Promotion, and stray was introduced to merchandising education by McCarthy (Yudelson 1999). First formulated as a pedagogical tool, the concept of the 4Ps represents a comprehensive way to describe the main tasks of merchandise managers. (Goldsmith 1999). It is utilised to implement corporate planning later having researched and audited the merchandising environment, identify and understood the customer, established a strategy and decided which market(s) or market segments to serve, or want to serve (Anonymous 2006).The merchandise Mix has its origins in the 60s Neil Borden (1964) identified twelve controllable marketing elements that would result to a profitable business operation. Jerome McCarthy (1064) reduced Bordens factors to a simple four-element framework Product, Price, Promotion and show. Practiti 1rs and schoolmans embraced the Mix mental imag e that shortly became the established and essential element of marketing theory and operational marketing management. (Constantinides 2006) The 4Ps were a suitable framework for the 1960s environment which was characterised by profit fashioning consumer manufacturing companies who were concerned with reaching their customers in an age of emerging mass media and national mass markets. (Anonymous 2006) Eventually the 4Ps of the marketing mix became an unquestionable paradigm in academic research, the validity of which was taken for granted. (Grnroos 1994). There ar voices though from academics and researchers which shout that the Marketing Mix in the form of the 4Ps is not able to face the latest marketing challenges.The components of the MixProductSince its the consumers perception that should be the centre of product policy, the product should not be defined as just the set of its own somatic properties. The perceptions are influenced by different parameters, such as any associa ted services, the image, the brand name, even the social and cultural connections, or the perception of its own differentiation from disceptation. A product is a mixture of tangible and intangible attributes, including functional, social and psychological utilities or benefits (Anonymous 2006).PricePrice is the only revenue generating element of the marketing mix the other elements consume resources. There are three basic pricing strategies that all organisations can pursue for existing products pricing above the market ( gameer than like competitve products), pricing below the market (lower than competition) and pricing at the market (almost at the price of competition) (Anonymous 2006).PromotionOne long-term purpose of advance is to influence and go on buyers to accept or adopt goods, services and ideas. Potential buyers go through a psychological or behavioural carry through before purchasing a product. AIDA, which is an acronym for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action in corporates psychological processes attention is a cognitive process, interest and desire are affective processes and action is a manifest behaviour process (Anonymous 2006).PlacePlace, or distribution strategy concerns the routes by which marketers of products and services can ensure that these reach their intended market. We normally refer to these routes as marketing channels, which embarrass those intermediaries that products and services pass through from the point of production to the point of final use (Anonymous 2006). reprimandTQM and Relationships Management Adaptation, not RevolutionYudelson (1999) identified six study marketing developments that challenged the 4Ps since the introduction of the Marketing Mix.Focus on the customer via the Marketing Concept (1960s)Broadening of marketing to include not-for-profits, services, causes, and even politics (1970s)Identification of the alternate transaction as the core of marketing (1970s)Introduction of Total Quality Management with its emphasis on customer satisfaction (1980s)Extension from transaction marketing to relationship marketing (1990s)Identification of the firm as a member of a complete value chain (1990s).Since the 80s, the definition of Product as anything offered is challenged imputable to the new perspective that organisations face The success depends on the ability to transform satisfaction to delight. Customer satisfaction is identified as the new driving force, and that is one of the foundational ideas of TQM. Place is expanded to include the entire distribution remains, which creates time and belongings utility and may incorporate specific systems such as just-in-time delivery as part of channel management.During the 1990s, another significant shift occurred. The role of relationships in the marketing activities of the organisation reset(p) the transaction perspective of earlier times. Price is no all-night the amount of money paid to acquire a single Product but the lifetime costs a ssociated with the acquisition, use, and ultimately disposal of the benefits attained during a stay of time. Place is no longer just the point of exchange since that fails to communicate the interactions that occur as the product changes ownership and utility from conceptualisation to final disposal.Yudelson suggests that after nearly 40 years, the 4Ps need to let go because, as intendn, the terminology has not managed to handle the challenges of developments in marketing thought and practice. However, no commonly agree or satisfactory replacement has appeared and anyone who grew up on the concept of marketing mix (customers, marketing professionals and academics) would face significant dissonance if the key paradigm were dismissed. So, he suggests that the best strategy is Adaptation and not Revolution. His proposed adaptation focuses on the essential aspects of marketing as exchange driven behaviour, maintains the simplicity and familiarity of the 4Ps, recognises the concerns of past critics, and is capable of assumeing to twain single instance transactions and long-term strategic relationships.Product should be redefined as all the benefits (present or anticipated) that the buyer or acquirer obtains from the exchange. It is recommended that Product be renamed as Performance to communicate the sense of benefit to the customer.Price should be redefined as everything that the acquirer gives up to obtain the benefits. It is suggested that we refer to the second P as Penalty to signify those things that the customer would have to give up or seek to minimize while obtaining the benefit or Performance associated with the exchange.Promotion should be redefined to include all of the information that is communicated between the parties to the transaction in keeping with the up-to-date thought on Integrated Marketing Communications. The purpose of the communication or information is to influence or encourage each party to enter into the transaction/ relationship. This is accomplished by providing information regarding the costs and benefits of the transaction-or better-the Perception of the Performance and Penalty.Place can be now defined as all that is done and required to facilitate or bring about the exchange and therefore, Yudelson proposes its redefinition as Process.Relationships Marketing A paradigm shiftGrnroos (1994) believes that a paradigm shift is taking place in marketing. One of the main reasons lies beneath the nature of marketing mix. The marketing mix is a amount of categories of marketing variables. A list never includes all relevant elements, it does not fit every situation, and it becomes obsolete. Moreover, the 4Ps represent an oversimplification of Bordens pilot light concept, which was a list of 12 elements not intended to be a definition at all. This list would most probably have to be reconsidered in any given situation. Grnroos believes that McCarthy either misunderstood the meaning of Bordens marketing mix or h is followers misunderstood McCarthys intentions. Probably Bordens original idea of a list of a large number of marketing mix ingredients that have to be reconsidered in every given situation was shortened for pedagogical reasons and a more than limited number of marketing variables seemed to fit typical situations observed in the late 1950s and in the 1960s. The 4Ps were never applicable to all markets and to all types of marketing situations.The development of secondary marketing theories (interaction/network approach to industrial marketing and the marketing of services, customer relationship economics) demonstrates that even from a management perspective, the marketing mix and its 4Ps became a problem. Gronroos concludes that in industrial marketing, services marketing, managing distribution channels and even consumer packaged goods marketing itself, a shift is clearly taking place from marketing to anonymous masses of customer to developing and managing relationships with more or less well-known or at least somehow identified customers.Other Re sights and CriticismConstantinides (2006) undertook a literature review on the status of Marketing Mix at the 21st century. He discovered that many researchers express serious doubts as to the role of the Mix as marketing management tool in its original form, proposing alternative approaches adding new parameters to the original Mix (e.g. 7Ps for services) or replacing it with alternative frameworks altogether. Some of the weaknesses of the 4Ps identified in the study are domain specific ignoring the human factor, lack of strategic dimensions, offensive posture and lack of interactivity. Two limitations only seem to be common in all reviewed categoriesThe models internal orientation The lack of explicit market input in the framework which sources from the fact that the Mix was originally developed as a concept suitable for marketing of consumer products in the mass-oriented US manufacturing sector of the 60sThe l ack of personalisation Significant shifts of consumer behaviour such as individualisation, diminishing brand preference, value orientation, increasing sophistication etc. have undermined the effectiveness of the impersonal one-way communication and the mass marketing approaches.Hyman (2004) undertook a identical study on the criticism of the Mix. According to that, some marketers contend that the scope of the 4Ps is insufficient from a pedagogical or applied perspective. To address this limitation, they updated the schema by refining the current Ps, adding new Ps, broadening its perspective, or adapting it to specific industries. Moreover, he summarised previously published criticism of the 4PsInadequate theoretical groundingNot formally integrated into the exchange paradigmFails three of the louvre requirements for a sound classification schemaOverly focused on consumer goods, yet is production quite than marketing-concept orientedCannot account for the full range of marketing management activitiesIgnores strategic marketingFocuses only on the acquisition stage of consumptionContains an increasingly catch-all (i.e. atheoretically focused) promotion categoryFails to account for interactions between Ps or boundary-spanning topicsIs incompatible with the relationship-marketing paradigmvan Waterschoot and Van den Bulte (1992) in their own research identified five key limitations of the 4Ps modelIt focuses on what marketers do to customers rather than for them.It is externally directed and ignores the internal market.It says nothing about interactions between the mix variables.It takes a mechanistic view about markets.It assumes a transactional exchange rather than a relationship.The Xbox 360 Marketing MixThe Xbox 360 is the second video mettlesome condole with produced by Microsoft, and was developed in cooperation with IBM, ATI, and SiS. The Xbox 360 is the transposition to the Xbox, and competes with Sonys PlayStation 3 and Nintendos Wii as part of the s eventh generation of gaming systems (usually called next-gen) (Wikipedia 2007).ProductName and ConceptThe term 360 represents a circle and is inline with the concept of the product. The customer is placed at The centre of the experience. Its a videogame and an entertainment system that integrates music, picture, games and movies. Everything revolves around the customer.(Porcaro 2005)ClassificationXbox 360 belongs to the shopping consumer products category, which includes products purchased after the consumer shops around to find the best care for based on comparisons of price, quality, style, durability and other product attributes that are felt to be important. Although due to shortage at its dunk many consumers were making effort to find one and others were forced to buy from eBay at inflated prices, 3 months after the launch the console could be purchased with smaller effort. Therefore, a classification of Speciality is not justified.Product MixThe total set of products a compa ny sells is called its product mix, which consists of its component product lines. The product mix of Microsoft regarding console gaming consists of the following product lines Xbox 360 consoles, the Xbox spicy Services (Marketplace, Video and Arcade), console accessories and Microsoft Games.Xbox 360 Product LineDuring launch only two configurations were available the affectionateness and the Premium versions. Over time, the product line distance rose to 3, in an Up-Market Stretch move from Microsoft, by introducing a high end version (Elite).Product PositioningMicrosoft targets both casual and hard-core gamers. The Core and Arcade versions seem attractive to the former, while Premium and Elite are more appropriate to the latter.Product LevelsThe five levels of customer value hierarchy are as follows (Kotler and Keller 2006)Core benefit The benefit that the customer is really buying. The buyer of the Xox 360 is buying video gaming.Basic Product The Xbox 360 includes a video games console and a controller.Expected product A set of attributes and conditions the buyers normally expect. Gamers expect from the seventh generation of gaming systems good graphics and sound performance, a wireless controller, digital connection with the HD TV and the amplifier, online gaming with friends through the internet and the ability to listen to music and watch videos.Augmented product The level in which the product exceeds customer expectations. The Xbox 360 through its Xbox LIVE service lets the customers download purchased or promotional material. This includes game demos, movie and game trailers, Arcade games as well as add-on game limit (items, costumes, levels, maps etc).Potential product All the possible augmentations and transformations the product might undergo in the future. Even before the launch of Xbox 360, Microsoft was researching ways to create a video store accessible through the console, as well as a TV service which would add IPTV functionality. One year after the launch of the console, the Xbox Video Marketplace was introduced in the United States, and the Microsoft TV service under development.PricingThe following table summarises competition pricing during their respective launch.Note that Playstation and Wii launched at November 2006, almost a year later than Xbox.The Xbox 360 was the first next-gen console to enter the market. Generally, if the product is an innovation, then the initial price is usually set quite high (Anonymous 2006), but this is not the policy that Microsoft followed. Microsoft used the strategy of Price penetration, in an effort to take as much market share as possible. In fact, it was reported that Microsoft was losing $126 per unit sold (Joystiq 2005). Robbie Bach, president of Entertainment and Devices Division, said that the Xbox 360 business will become profitable in 2008 and that the profit to make is not on the hardware itself, but rather on Live service subscriptions, accessories and games (Gamedaily 2007).In August 2007, Microsoft dropped the prices by 20 50. In October 2007, they introduced the Arcade version and priced it exactly the same as the Wii, that is At the market.Odd-even pricing assumes product sales benefit from prices such as 99.99 rather than 100.00, because customers will think the product is a good deal (Anonymous 2006). As we saw, Microsoft followed this policy, as all next-gen competitors did.PromotionMicrosoft utilized the following Marketing Communications Mix for the launch of the console system.AdvertisingThe advertising campaign took place via television, magazines and internet sites. The tag line was Jump In, which was in complete accordance with the name and the concept of the product (the center of the experience). The ads were introducing the idea that its more fun to count when youre part of a community, that games have always been more fun when you play with friends (Porcaro 2005).Sales PromotionThe sales promotion took place through online co ntests and websites. OurColony.net offered challenges to its community, rewarding solutions with cropped pictures of the console and game screenshots. OrigenXbox360.com was offering visitors an opportunity to enter in various contests for a chance to attend promotional pre-launch events. Hex168.com hosted a number of images that appeared to perpetuate obscure camarilla theories, but sometimes contained oblique references to Xbox 360. The campaign was later revealed to be a U.S. contest that offered participants a chance to win one of three hundred and sixty Xbox 360 console bundles six days before the official launch (Wikipedia 2007).Marketing Public RelationsIn order to assist the launch and to increase awareness, Microsoft do use of Marketing Public Relations. The official unveiling of the Xbox 360 occurred on May 2005 on MTV in a program called MTV Presents The Next Generation Xbox Revealed (Wikipedia 2007). Elijah Wood hosted the show which featured a musical performance by t he band The Killers. Ten days later the Xbox 360 was featured on the cover of TIME Magazine along with an associated article. Obviously, the viewers of MTV belong to the target market, while the cover of TIME magazine was a huge boost to the hype.EventsMicrosoft is one of the major exhibitors in the annual E3 Media and problem Summit which is considered as the biggest annual event in the video game industry. The announcements regarding future development are taking place at the Microsoft keynote event, which is super anticipated by the worldwide video game media and community.Microsoft is also a frequent sponsor to gaming events. In association with adidas and EA Sports, they sponsored the Xbox World Cup, which received a lot of publicity by the gaming community. Gamers who qualified through national preliminary rounds were given an all-expenses paid trip to Berlin to take part in the competition representing their nations in matches that took place in an 8,500 seat stadium. Micro soft managed to identify with the target market as well as increase awareness and express commitment to the community.Place (Distribution)As mentioned earlier, the product suffered from shortages during its launch, due to huge demand and slow production. However, three months later the problems had been bypassed and it is worth noted that in its first year on the market, the system launched in 36 countries, more countries than any console has launched in a single year.Microsoft chose to distribute the products through the Producer jobber Retailer Consumer channel. For the countries where Microsoft has physical presence, the Wholesaler intermediary part was played by the regional division. The Xbox 360 is distributed intensively, which means that all available outlets are used for distributing it.ConclusionThe marketing mix of Product, Price, Promotion, and Place was introduced to marketing education during the 1960s. Practitioners and academics embraced the paradigm that soon be came the established element of marketing theory and operational marketing management. Eventually the 4Ps of the marketing mix became an unquestionable paradigm in academic research, the validity of which was taken for granted. However, many researchers and academics object. Yudelson believes that the Mix requires adaptation to the challenges of the era (TQM and the role of relationships) and proposes redefinition of the components. Grnroos argues the 4Ps was never intended to become a paradigm and started as a simple list which was an oversimplification of a larger list. He states that the 4Ps were never applicable to all markets and to all types of marketing situations, and that we have started to experience a paradigm shift towards relationships marketing. Other studies also conclude that the marketing mix of the 4Ps is getting old and cannot address complex environment issues, such as management of personalisation.The finishing of the marketing mix model to the Xbox 360 gaming console system revealed that model managed to incorporate some of the major marketing planning activities of Microsoft under its 4Ps components. However, Yudelsons model seems to apply better. Xbox 360 is not just about the actual console product, but through its integration with other products and services its about the Performance of the entertainment experience. Its Promotion is inline with the current thought on Integrated Marketing Communications. And finally, its Place (distribution) is more about the Process of distribution, from which Microsoft actually suffered during the launch. Also, the marketing mix model failed to incorporate the personalisation component of the product. That is, through the LIVE services each user is uniquely identified. Microsoft has access to personal information, such as favourite games, music and movies and is able to propose similar content to the customers upon request. Unfortunately, the 4Ps did not manage to capture this aspect of Xbox 360 mar keting.We conclude that the marketing mix is a tool which has performed well in the past and may still do in many cases. However, the increasingly complex environment demands adaptation and expansion. Personalisation for example is a very important component and should be incorporated under the comprehensive of the new XPs, whatever number the academia decides that X should be.ReferencesAnonymous (2006). Strategic Marketing Module Book Edition 10, Management Centre, University of Leicester.Borden, N.H. (1964), The concept of the Marketing Mix, diary of Advertising Research, June, pp 2-7Constantinides, E. (2006), The Marketing Mix Revisited Towards the 21st Century Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management 2006, 22, pp 407-438Gamedaily, http//www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/bach-xbox-business-profitable-next-year/70371/?biz=1, 15 December 2007Goldsmith, R. E. (1999), The personalised marketplace beyond the 4Ps, Marketing news show Planning 17/4, pp 178-185Grnroos, C. (1994), From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, Vol. 32 No. 2, 1994, pp. 4-20Hyman, M. R. (2004), Revising the geomorphologic framework for marketing management, Journal of Business Research 57, pp 923- 932Joystiq, http//www.joystiq.com/2005/11/23/microsoft-losing-126-on-every-sold-xbox-360/, 15 December 2007Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2006), Marketing Management 12e, Pearson Prentice HallMcCarthy, E.J. (1964), Basic Marketing, a managerial Approach, Homewood, Ill.Richard D. Irwin, Inc..Porcaro, J. (2005), Xbox 360 Marketing, http//www.johnporcaro.com/2006/03/xbox_360_market.html, 15 December 2007van Waterschoot, W. and den Bulte, C. (1992). The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited, Journal of Marketing 56 (October), pp 83-93.Wikipedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360, 15 December 2007Yudelson, J. (1999), Adapting Mccarthys Four Ps for the Twenty-First Century, Journal of Marketing Education 21, pp 60-67

Practical Ways Of Promoting Resilience Young People Essay

Practical Ways Of Promoting resiliency Young People EssayResilience as described by many writers is a complex term and therefore needs to be understood in the context. Resilience is normally sought-after(a) in the child, family and community (Phillips, G. 2008). As professionals, attending training courses helps us to seek something that may assist us in our understanding of those areas. This keeps us in pursuit mood and all the time, we tend to keep attention outside ourselves. When we as practiti unitaryrs recognise resiliency in ourselves, we can them be able to facilitate resiliency, thereby linking theory to practice (Phillips, G. (2008).DEFINING RESILIENCEThere are many definitions of resiliency by different authors. In this context therefore, resilience is defined by Share and Lowlor (2009 269) as ability to thrive, mature and increase competences in the face of adverse circumstances. Overall, when loved ones absence or presence remains a mystery, import and purpose are essential to finding the health and life. After 9/11, some survivors believed that their loved ones being in the Twin Towers at the time of the flak catcher was predestined or Gods will. Many who believed this continue to trust in God to see them through their travels while they move forward with their lives (Boss, P 200697). Some characteristics associated with spirited children include cognitive proficiency (especially intellectual curiosity and problem solving), autonomy, good social skills and infixed locus of control (Share and Lowlor (2009 269).Resilience is the capacity to transcend mishap may be seen as the essential quality with care planning and provision should seek to stimulate as a key outcome of the care offered (Gilligan, R. 1997 14)It is suppressing how resilient people are despite having experienced high risk situation, such as war, disaster, loss, and adversity during childhood and adolescence (Waaktaar, T. Chrisrtie, H, J. Borge, A. Torgersen, S. 2004 164).A dult who promote resilience hit family and triggeral supports available to children. They empower children to become independent, responsible, and empathic at altruistic and to approach people and situation with hope, faith and trust (John, M. 1997 24). However, adults can help children mark resilience behaviours more easily in themselves and others, such as using vocabulary to reinforce these feeling and beliefs that promote resilience and to guide their own childrens behaviour. Therefore, the great their opinion for acting in the ways that help children met situation such as crisis in their lives with greater strength and hope John, M 1997 26). Therefore, the most censorious key to resiliency is the ability to hold two opposing ideas at the same time. Whatever part is taken, the search for the meaning is much more unwieldy when the loss is unclear (Boss, P. 2006 97).THREE THEORIES OF RESILIENCE(1) The Childs backbone of a Secure Base The growth of a child is exercised by secure attachments which supply him/her with a reliable secure base (Bowlby 1988). Furthermore, it encourages and renders safe exploration of the childs inner world. A modern persons sense of secure base therefore is cultivated by a sense of belonging within supportive social networks, attachment relationships to reliable and responsible people and by go and structures in their lives (Gilligan, R. 1997 15-16).However, I HAVE federal agents is one of the external supports and resources that promote resilience in children according to John, M. (1997 26-27). I HAVE factors includes trusting relationships, (parents, other family members, teachers, and friends who love and have the interest and welfare of the child), structures and rules at home, (parents who provides rules and routine expects the child to follow them, for example, the task the child is expected to perform, when the rule is broken, the child is helped to understand what he/she did wrong). Others includes access to hea lth, education, welfare and security services which is available to the child.(2) The Childs egotism Esteem this is based on persons sense of their own worthiness and competences. Rutter (1990) came up with two types of experience which is important in influencing ego esteem in young children and they are, secure and harmonious love relationship, and success in accomplishing tasks by others as central to their interests. Also success in an endeavour which the person values may do much to combat a sense of failure in other spheres of ones life (Rutter, 1990 cited Gilligan, R. 199717). Therefore, factors such as I AM are the childs internal and personal strengths. These are feelings, attitudes, and beliefs within the child, for example, a resilient child would say I am proud of myself this means the child knows that he/she is an important soul and is proud of who he/she is and what he/she is capable of doing and can achieve. I am autonomous and responsible the child can do a lot wi th his/her first step and be responsible and accountable for his/her actions or mistakes. I am filled with hope, faith, and trust the child knows and believes that he/she has hope and there are people and institution which he/she can trust and have faith in. Finally, the child will realise that he/she is loveable and his/her temperament is appealing, he/she is loving, empathic and altruistic (John, M. 1997 28).(3) Sense of Self Efficacy this is a situation were parenting style influences whether a child acquires a sense of internal control with regards to attaining desired outcomes. Some factors which promote childs self efficacy includes the parent / caregiver beliefs in the childs own sense of control, responsiveness, consistency, warmth, praise, support and encouragement to the childs to engage / participate in his/her environment (Sandler et al, 1989 cited Gilligan, R. 1997 17).Moreover, I CAN factor helps to promote the childs sense of efficacy because it is the childs social and interpersonal skills. Children acquire these skills by constant interaction with others and those who educate them, for example, a resilient child would say I can communicate at this stage, the child expresses thoughts and feelings, also be empathetic towards others. I can solve problem the child can assess a situation of a problem, finds out what needs to be done to resolve the issues and if help is needed form others. Also I can manage my feelings and impulses I can gauge the temperature of myself and others, and finally seek trusting relationship (John, M. 1997 29).PRACTICAL WAYS OF PROMOTING RESILIENCEIn promoting resilience, any work with children must be in addition in the contexts of their families, school, communities, and the large society (Grotherg, E, H. 2003 5) Therefore, as a social care practitioner, it is important to know that we are only able to influence that portion of resilience that is amenable to influence through social experience. We cannot affect the de gree of resilience that a person has temperamentally due to what they have inherited through their genes (Gilligan, R 2001 6).As a Social Worker, we can encourage purposeful contact between the child, the family, and other key adults for the childs past, encourage positive school experience, encourage friendships with peers, actively foster interest, strong social network, involvement and talents in sports, music, hobbies or cultural pursuits, help the child to rehearse, and discuss problem solving and coping skills and strategies. Also, each of these I AM, I HAVE, and I CAN factors suggest numerous actions children, parent / caregiver, and practitioner can take to promote resilience (Gilligan, R. 1997 18-21)This Scenario was adopted from the International Resilience fox by Grotberg, E, H. (2003 30)A nine year old boy went out of the house even after his father told him not to go out. The father did not know about this until he realized it was late and the boy was not at home.You w ill promote resilience if you talk to him when he returns and ask why he broke the rules (I HAVE) if you make clear that his behaviour is not acceptable even with his excuses, and that he is responsible for what he did (I AM) and if you talk with him about what needs to be done to prevent this kind of behaviour in the future (I CAN). He will learn from his experience to use resilience to face this adversity, to learn from it, and to guide in a more responsible way in the future. You do not promote resilience if you yell at him or spank him when he comes home, and accuse him of being a bad boy. Then you make him feel guilty, but resentful, and you have given him a label of bad boy, which will influence his idea of himself in the future. He will have difficulty dealing with a future adverse situation, even one that he creates, because he lacks resilience and none is being promoted.

Cannabis Use in Canada: Legislation and the Future

cannabis Use in Canada Legislation and the FutureCrime refers to behaviors that are a violation of systemize law. How constantly, the exact definition of crime is complex and ever-changing, as it dep deaths on social, political and economic factors. For voice, what may be considered a crime one day, may be seen as legal the next (Law Commission, 2004). This concept is exemplified by the evolution of laws regarding the self-denial of hangmans halter that has occurred throughout the years in Canada. Ever since evictnabis and its derivatives absorb been introduced in Canada years ago, government bulwark of it has been the subject of an ongoing debate of whether it should be legalized or non. Proponents of halter economic consumption urge that there are numerous medical exam benefits and that the drug is no more harmful than tobacco or alcohol (CAMH, 2014). Therefore, prohibiting marihuana intrudes on an individuals constitutional freedoms. On the separate hand, opponents argue that halter is also dangerous its legalization would increase the chances of the drug falling into the hands of children and that cannabis intent often progresses to the pulmonary tuberculosis of more dangerous drugs like heroin and cocain (Evans, 2013). This paper analyzes the current onset to self- bullheadedness of cannabis in Canada, paying close attention to relevant laws and legal cases. This paper will further argue that from a variety of approaches to deal with cannabis, legalization is the most spendful and effective method.BackgroundCannabis, primarily derived from the female pose, Cannabis sativa, is believed to have evolved on the steppes of Central Asia. The fib of cannabis ingestion goes back as far as 12,000 years, which places the plant among tender-hearteditys oldest cultivated crops (CAMH, 2014). The first record of the drugs medicinal use dates to 4000 B.C. where it was utilize as an anesthetic(a) during surgery. From the 17th to the mid 20th century, standardized cannabis found their way into British and US pharmacopoeias and was widely used in western medicine, often considered a household drug used for treating various kinds of ailment ranging from headaches and toothaches to menstrual cramps (MacQueen, 2013). Cannabis eventually fell out of use in western medicine, and was banned in most countries as part of national and international drug control legislation that was originally designed to control traffic in opiates but was increase to include a broad range of other psychotropic agents. However, in the 1970s, cannabis use rose dramatically and became a part of the younker subtlety due to its mood and perception altering properties, which made it a recreational drug of choice for many individuals (Blaszczak-Boxe, 2014).Throughout its long history, parts of the cannabis plant have been smoked, chewed, eaten, and even brewed for its effects on the human biochemistry. Marijuana- also cal conduct weed, pot, grass, ree fer, and a vast number of other slang terms- comes primarily from the flower part of the cannabis plant and is one of the most abused drugs in the world (Evans, 2013). There are hundreds of compounds in hemp, but the chemical responsible for the drugs psychoactive effects is tetrahydrocannbinol, or THC. Marijuana affects deuce main parts of the human body, the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system (CAMH, 2014). The central nervous system, which mainly controls thoughts and registers sensations throughout the body, can be impacted through varying doses of marihuana. For example, a low dose of marijuana results in a sense of well being and drowsiness/ serenity (Ponto et al., 2004). As the dose increases, other effects tend to come in, usually altered sense of time and sensory awareness. At much laid-backer to total doses, paranoia, hallucinations, panic attacks and delusions have been reported to occur. The cardiovascular system can be affected by cannabis use throug h increase heart arrange and dilation of eye blood vessels. There can also be difficulties in body movement and coordination as the dosage of cannabis increases (Ponto et al., 2004).As with roughly other psychoactive drugs, the use of cannabis is not benign. Research has found both benefits and harms associated with cannabis use. Cannabis has therapeutic qualities and many people consume it for its psychoactive effects (Room et al., 2010). A number of the potentially useful effects have been well studied and confirmed scientifically in both experimental animals and human volunteers and patients. unrivalled of these is the moderately good analgesic action, principally against chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain (Evans, 2013). Furthermore, except around ten percent of individuals who consume the drug get dependent, a rate that is extremely low in comparison to other illicit and legal drugs. In fact, tobacco, a drug that is considered legal in Canada, has a dependency ra te of 32% (Health Canada, 2015).The potential for harm exists, particularly for people who consume it frequently or begin using in adolescence. These harms include impairment of learning, memory, alertness, reaction speed and judgment (Babor et al., 2010). Those who are dependent on cannabis have been documented to face both cardiovascular and respiratory issues such as chronic bronchitis. In addition, research suggests that high levels of cannabis use can be linked to lung and prostate cancer (Room et al., 2010). Despite the negative effects of high levels of cannabis use, it is crucial to acknowledge the fact that most individuals do not become dependent on the drug. Rather, most will experiment with cannabis use only a a few(prenominal) times in their life (Room et al., 2010).Canada has one of the highest rates of cannabis use in the world. Despite the existence of serious guilty penalties for possessing, producing, and selling cannabis, the 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey found that 40% of Canadians have used cannabis in their lifetime and about 10% report having used it in the past year (Health Canada, 2015). Additionally, the survey indicates that Canadian youth aged 15 to 19 are more likely to consume cannabis than giving Canadians. In fact, Canadian adolescents have among the highest rates of cannabis use compared to their peers in other developed countries (UNICEF Office of Research, 2013). According to the 2012 Canadian Community Health survey, 22.4% of youth aged 15 to19 reported past-year use of cannabis and in total, youth use cannabis at a rate 2.5 times higher than adults aged 25 and older (Statistics Canada, 2015). In view of these statistics, it is unsurprising that cannabis is widely available throughout Canada and that a well-established cannabis market exists in Canada.Laws surrounding the possession of Cannabis in CanadaIn Canada, cannabis use became under-the-counter in 1923 after the transaction to Prohibit the Impr oper Use of Opium and other Drugs added cannabis to the heel of illicit substances. Cannabis then became an illegal substance under the same category of harder drugs such as cocaine and heroin, despite overleap of scientific or flagitious correlations to suggest such categorization (CAMH, 2014). An increase in illicit drug use in the 1960s and 1970s was met by greatly increased criminalization and the associated individual and social greets. The strain on the courts, and the rising numbers of otherwise law-abiding youth being sentenced for recreational use of cannabis created pressures for the relaxation method of Canadas drug laws. As a result, the Commission of Inquiry in the Non-Medical Use of Drugs in 1972 (commonly referred to as the Le Dain Commission) was formed to address the growing concern about drug use and appropriate responses. The Le Dain Commission concluded that drug prohibition, specifically cannabis use, results in high costs but relatively itsy-bitsy benefit . The Le Dain Commission proposed that all criminal penalties associated with cannabis be removed, along with the development of less coercive and dearly-won alternatives to punitory punishments, but was immediately rejected by the government at the time (Broughton, 2014).By the mid-1980s there was growing acknowledgement of the limitations of law enforcement in reducing the demand for drugs as the Canadian guard forces were pursuing more cannabis arrests than ever before (Hathaway and Erickson 2003). As a result, in 1987, the Canadian federal government announced a harm diminution model approach to drug use to address substance use with both supply and demand reduction strategies. This model views drug use, particularly cannabis use, as an undeniable fact in society and seeks to skip the harms caused by it rather than advocating abstinence (Hathaway and Erickson 2003). Despite this model, Canadas approach to cannabis was still largely a model of criminal prohibition. For exampl e, Dian Riley of the Canadian Foundation for Drug indemnity argues that this model is an ineffective and inappropriate drug policy that causes more harm than the drug itself (Broughton, 2014, p.4). In fact, since the first three years after the implementation of the program, the proportion of drug offenders in Canadas prison rose from 9 percent to 14 percent (Hathaway and Erickson 2003).The Controlled Drugs and Substances ActIn 1997, there was the introduction of a new drug law that was meant to address some of the problems of past law and to adapt some of the positive experiences of other countries around the globe. The new law, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996), is Canadas federal drug control statute and establishes eight Schedules of controlled substances and two Classes of precursors. This act outlines penalties for possession, trafficking and production of the substances established as illegal, including cannabis (MacQueen, 2013). on a lower floor this act, cannabis and its derivatives are considered as schedule II drugs and possession of it is illegal (Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, 1996). However, due to R. v. Parker (2001), the Supreme Court of Canada declared that section 4 of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, which deals with the prohibition against possession of marijuana, was too broad insofar as it failed to create an exception for medical marijuana use. As such, in 2001 Health Canada issued a set of laws giving individuals ingress to marijuana for medical purposes. The Medical Marihuana Access Regulations (2001), which went into effect in 2002, outlined two categories of individuals who may legally access marijuana prescribed by their doctor. These two categories mainly deal with individuals suffering from severe pain as a result of medical conditions. Individuals who have a medical condition draw in category 1 or who are approved under category 2 can legally obtain medicinal marijuana distributed by the company CannaM ed or can grow their own for personal consumption (Broughton, 2014). Thus, it is possible to have legal access to marijuana for medical purposes in Canada magic spell recreational use of marijuana is still a criminal act.Despite the tough penalties in place, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996)has been criticized for criminalizing drug users and its failure to reduce drug approachability while at the same time the financial and human costs of criminating cannabis continue to rise. Additionally, analyses of current policy practices demonstrate a failure to fulfill the set out goals of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996)in reducing the consumption of cannabis (Broughton, 2014). Instead, criminalization has created further social issues. For example, an increase in arrests under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996) has not led to a decrease in the use of marijuana, with around 60,000 Canadian arrested for simple possession every year. On the contrary, the number of distributors and consumers has only increased in late years (Room et al., 2010, p.60). The experiences within Canadian courts also demonstrate the inefficiency of the current approach to cannabis. For example, the case of R. v. Malmo-Levine (2003) deals with the possession of marijuana. Malmo-Levine was charged with possession and trafficking of marijuana. He argued that the criminalization and punishment of possession of marijuana goes against his rights as give tongue to in section 7 in the Canadian call for of Rights and Freedoms. Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms declares that everyone has the right to life, emancipation and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice (Canadian Charter, 1982, s 7). Malmo-Lavine argued that, by attaching a criminal penalty of imprisonment for simple possession of marijuana the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996)depri ved him of liberty in a manner that is not in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. Malmo-Lavine suggested that it is a principle of fundamental justice that the criminal law can only prohibit activities that cause some sort of harm, and the possession of marijuana does not constitute as harm to others(R. v. Malmo-Levine, 2003). Justice Arbour, in the dissenting opinion, stated that the criminalization of cannabis punishes those who pose little risk to society and limits their Charter rights. Nevertheless, the mass of the Supreme Court of Canada did not agree with Justice Arbours argument and instead ruled that the law against the recreational use of marijuana did not violate the Charter in any of the ways suggested by Malmo-Lavine (R. v. Malmo-Levine, 2003).The cases of Readhead (2008) and Evers (2011), further exemplifies how the approaches outlined in the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996) leads to unnecessary arrests and unfair targeting of individuals. In R. v. Readhead (2008), the accused was charged with the possession of marijuana and possession of marijuana for the purpose of trafficking and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two and one half years. Readhead argued that the sentencing judge erred in his decision and asked for a fairer sentence. The British capital of South Carolina Court of Appeal stated that the sentence prescribed by the sentencing judge is within the proper scope of his judgment, but still reduced the sentence to two years less a day. As pointed out by the British Columbia Court of Appeal, Readheads past experience with the law, in which he has three preceding charges for trafficking marijuana, did not deter or rehabilitate him in any way( R. v. Readhead, 2008). In R. v. Evers (2011), the accused was charged with the offences of unlawfully producing a controlled substance and possessing this substance for the purposes of trafficking. However, despite Everss lack of remorse for producing marijuana and her explicitly stating that she intended to continue her grow operation, the trial judge did not impose any jail time. The trial judge stated that there was no point in imprisoning Evers as doing so would only make her a martyr for the legalization of marijuana (R. v. Evers, 2011). Both of these cases show the ineffectiveness of the current law in deterring individuals from possessing and using cannabis. The prohibition of cannabis and criminalization of its users does not deter people from consuming it. The evidence on this point is travel by tougher penalties do not lead to lower rates of cannabis use (Chandra, 2014). Perhaps it is time that there should be an examination of the actual effects of cannabis on Canadians rather than blindly prohibiting the possession of cannabis.Alternatives to Cannabis ProhibitionAs discussed above, all available evidence indicates that the criminalization of cannabis use is ineffective, costly, and constitutes poor humans policy. Globally, th ere is growing debate about the efficacy of criminalizing drugs such as cannabis, in particular that the health, social, economic and criminal harms of this approach outweighs any intended benefits (Chandra, 2014). As such, there are three main alternatives to full cannabis prohibition decriminalization, partial prohibition and legalization. Models of cannabis decriminalization vary greatly, but generally embroil removing possession of small amounts of cannabis from the sphere of criminal law. Essentially, prohibition remains, but instead of incarceration the use of cannabis becomes civil violations punishable by fines (Babor et al., 2010). Removing criminal penalties for cannabis possession should result in a reduction in both the number of individuals involved in the criminal justice system and the cost of enforcement, thus reducing the tear to individuals and to the legal system. Moreover, evidence suggests that a decriminalization approach can reduce some of the adverse social impacts of criminalization (CAMH, 2014). An example of a country that follows a decriminalization model is Portugal. Since the implementation of this system, Portugal has seen declines in substance misuse and in drugrelated harm, a reduced burden on the criminal justice system, and a reduction in the use of illicit drugs by adolescents (Room et al., 2010). While it is not possible to conclusively attribute these trends in Portugal to a shift in decriminalization, these findings present strong support that at the very least, decriminalizing cannabis does not result in major problems.Partial prohibition regimes of cannabis possession are brought about by two distinct approaches, namely either de facto legalization or de jure legalization. Within the model of de facto legislation, cannabis use is formally prohibited by criminal law, yet applicable laws are not enforced and thus not sanctioned by any punitive interventions (Babor et al., 2010). Netherlands famously takes a de facto leg alization approach to cannabis. Although the drug is still deemed illegal, personal use of cannabis is tolerated and is made available through dispensaries called coffee shops. Cannabis use or sale outside of the ranged spaces of these coffee shops is followed by police warnings or fines (Babor et al., 2010). In other words, personal cannabis use and supply to the end consumer in the Netherlands is regulated similarly to alcohol or tobacco use in many jurisdictions. One of the major benefits cited for the legally tolerated dispensaries is that it helps consumers from being exposed to illegal markets where there may be availability of harder drugs (Room et al., 2010). Evidence demonstrates that the Netherlands has a lower rate of cannabis use than in the United States which suggests that partial legalization of cannabis will not necessarily lead to an increase in use.Within the model of de jure legalization, personal use quantities are allowed to be carried and consumed by citizens. Punishments of cannabis use are either explicitly written into the drug statute or the scope of the law does not include cannabis possession (Chandra, 2014). These reforms have so far predominantly been aimed at selected places (e.g. the home) or at specific populations (e.g. medical marijuana users) (Babor et al., 2010). An example of a country that follows a de jure model of legalization is Spain. In Spain, possession or use of cannabis is prohibited by the law, yet there is no punishment or enforcement when involving small amounts. In 2002, Cannabis affable Clubs appeared in the country. These are non-commercial organizations of users who get together to cultivate and distribute enough cannabis to meet their personal needs without having to turn to the black market (Alonso, 2011, p. 2). Since, 2002 it is estimated that Cannabis Social Clubs have enabled several thousand people to stop financing the black market and to know the quality and origin of what they are consuming, whil st creating jobs and valuate revenue enhancement (Alonso, 2011).A third alternative that has been widely supported is legalization of cannabis with health-focused regulation. Legalization removes the social harms and costs associated with prohibition. In effect, legalization endorses marijuana as socially acceptable. It eliminates criminal penalties, reducing prices, increasing availability, and de-stigmatizing use (Broughton, 2014). Moreover, it is estimated that removing criminal and civil penalties for possession of cannabis would eliminate more than $ 1 billion dollars that is spent annually in Canada to enforce these ineffective laws (Evans, 2013). Advocates of legalization of cannabis point out that cannabis is no more harmful than alcohol or tobacco and should therefore be regulated in a similar fashion. In the same way that alcohol prohibition in Canada was an abject failure which promoted crime and actually disentangled the federal governments control over the importation and production of the substance, cannabis can also be seen as leading down the same path (CAMH, 2014). Moreover, advocates in favor of cannabis legalization claim that cannabis use is not an act of criminal nature and thus the federal government does not have the authority to ban it. They further argue that cannabis is neither harmful nor immoral and thus only the province has the power to regulate the use, distribution, and sale of marijuana (CAMH, 2014). This argument would equate marijuana with alcohol, which is also regulated independently by the governments of each province. Like all drugs, cannabis use has negative outcomes (Evans, 2013). However, the evidence shows that this does not justify the prohibition of the drug. For example, legal substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be far more dangerous and addicting than cannabis can ever be capable of, but these substances are still considered legal in Canada. Instead of focusing on the evidence, the mere prohibition of can nabis use only leads to further harm for users.Some opponents of legalization fear that it would send the wrong message about the risks of cannabis. But current rates of cannabis use in Canada already suggest that youth are not getting the right message (MacQueen, 2013). For instance, despite prohibition, 23% of Ontarios high school students and 40% of young adults use cannabis. A 2013 UNICEF study of 29 Wealthy nations found that Canadian youth rank first in cannabis use, but third from last in tobacco use -even though cannabis is illegal while tobacco is legal (MacQueen, 2013). Moreover, an examination of public opinion polls over the last few decades shows a steady increase in the proportion of Canadians who support the legalization of marijuana, rising from only 19 percent in 1977 to 57 percent in 2012 (Grenier, 2013). Lorne Bozinoff of Forum Research Inc says that given these statistics, the public no longer favors devoting time and resources required to restrict marijuana use and possession, instead favoring a legalize and tax strategy (Grenier, 2013, p.4).It is also important to note that legalization alone does not reduce the health risk and harms of cannabis. Instead legalization presents the government with the opportunity to regulate cannabis to mitigate those risks something that cannot be effectively done under decriminalization or prohibition (CAMH, 2014). Legalization under a health-focused model is based on the fundamental principles of harm reduction. damage reduction is a pragmatic approach to reducing individual and social harms associated with drug use. This approach accepts that certain interventions focused on diminishing the harmfulness of a substance, even if they increase the extent of substance use, may be able to reduce the total adverse consequences on the individual, as well as society (Pates Riley, 2012). In regards to cannabis use, harm reduction approaches acknowledge that there are no known effective solutions for completely eliminating drug-use or drug-related problems in the public. Therefore, the main characteristic of harm reduction is that it focuses on the reduction of harm as its primary goal, rather than reduction of drug use per se (CAMH, 2014). It is important to note that harm reduction principles are not meant to promote drug use, but instead recognizes the reality of drug use and measures success in terms of quality of life improvements for the individual (Broughton, 2014). For example, legalization of cannabis would attempt to reduce the harmfulness of cannabis use, without necessarily stopping drug use altogether. To reduce harm, legalization of cannabis is a necessary but definitely not a sufficient- condition. It must include effective control on availability and regulation that steers users towards less harmful practices.ConclusionProhibition of cannabis use has not succeeded in preventing cannabis use or mitigating its harms. On the contrary, it has exacerbated the health harms of c annabis and created costly social ones as well. Legalizing and strictly regulating cannabis allows for more control over the risk factors associated with cannabis-related harm and is a better alternative to the current approach (Broughton, 2014). It is important to realize that the Canada of 1997 when the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996) was first established bears almost no resemblance to Canada of today. This explains why since its inception, the Criminal Code has changed many ambiguous laws to legalize and legitimate certain actions (e.g., prostitution, assisted suicide, etc). Essentially, the laws have needed to evolve in order to better accommodate societal needs and advancing scientific research. Similarly, based on current research showing that criminalizing cannabis has not been an effective policy, perhaps it is time to re-examine our approach to cannabis use and advocated for legalization.ReferencesAlonso, M. (2011). Cannabis social clubs in Spain A normalizing alternative underway. Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies, 9. Retrieved March 3, 2017, from http//druglawreform.info/en/publications/legislative-reform-series-/item/1095-cannabis-social-clubs-in-spainBabor, T., J., Caulkins, Edwards, G., Fischer, B., Foxcroft, D., Humphreys, K., . . . Strang, J. (2010). Drug policy and the public good. Oxford Oxford University Press.Blaszczak-Boxe, A. (2014). Marijuanas History How One Plant Spread Through the World. Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http//www.livescience.com/48337-marijuana-history-how-cannabis-travelled-world.htmlBroughton, M. (2014). The Prohibition of Marijuana. Manitoba Policy Perspectives, 1(1). Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https//umanitoba.ca/centres/mipr/media/1._Prohibition_of_Marijuana_Broughton.pdfCAMH. (2014). Cannabis Policy Framework. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https//www.camh.ca/en/ hospital/about_camh/influencing_public_policy/Documents/CAMHCannabisPolicyFramework.pd fCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c11Chandra, F. (2014). The Current Approach to Cannabis Possession in Canada Issues and Alternatives. Sociology and Anthropology school-age child Union Undergraduate Journal, 1. Retrieved March 3, 2017, from summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/15204/SASU-Chandra.pdfControlled Drugs and Substances Act, SC 1996, c 19. Retrieved from http//canlii.ca/t/l44rCriminal Code, RSC (1985) c C-46Evans, D. (2013). The Economic Impacts of Marijuana Legalization. The Journal of Global Drug Policy and Practice, 7(4). Retrieved March 4, 2017, from http//www.globaldrugpolicy.org/Issues/Vol%207%20Issue%204/The%20Economic%20Impacts%20of%20Marijuana%20Legalization%20final%20for%20journal.pdfGrenier, E. (2013). Majority of Canadians want to loosen marijuana laws polls . The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from http//www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/majority-of -canadians-want-to-loosen-marijuana-laws-polls/article14010389/Hathaway, A. D., Erickson, P. G. (2003). Drug Reform Principles and Policy Debates Harm drop-off Prospects for Cannabis in Canada. Journal of Drug Issues, 33(2), 465-495. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002204260303300209Health Canada. (2015). Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs (CTADS) 2013 summary. Retrieved February 28, 2017, from https//www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-alcohol-drugs-survey/2013-summary.htmlLaw Commission. (2004). What is a crime? defining criminal conduct in contemporary society. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http//www.ubcpress.ca/books/pdf/chapters/whatisacrime/whatcrime.pdfMacQueen, L. (2013). Why its time to legalize marijuana. Macleans. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from http//www.macleans.ca/news/canada/why-its-time-to-legalize-marijuana/Marihuana Medical Access Regulations, SOR/ 2001-227 (available on http//lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng /regulations/sor-2001-227/index.html)Pates, R., Riley, D. (2012). Harm Reduction in Canada The Many Faces of Regression. Harm Reduction in Substance Use and High-risk Behaviour International Policy and Practice. Retrieved February 26, 2017, from http//canadianharmreduction.com/sites/default/files/Harm%20Reduction%20in%20Canada.pdfPonto, L. L., Oleary, D. S., Koeppel, J., Block, R. I., Watkins. (2004). Effect of Acute Marijuana on Cardiovascular Function and Central Nervous System Pharmacokinetics of 15OWater Effect in Occasional and Chronic Users. The Journal of clinical Pharmacology, 44(7), 751-766. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15199080Room, R., Fischer, B., Hall, W., Lenton, S., Reuter, P. (2010). Cannabis Policy Moving Beyond Stalemate. Oxford University Press.R. v. Evers, 2011 BCCA 330 (available on CanLII)R. v. Malmo-Levine R. v. Caine, 2003 3 SCR 571, 2003 SCC 74 (available on CanLII)R. v. Parker, 2000 CanLII 5762 (ON CA), (available on Ca nLll)R. v. Readhead, 2008 BCCA 532 (available on CanLII)Statistics Canada. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of marijuana use in Canada, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2017, from http//www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003-x/2015004/article/14158-eng.htmUNICEF. (2013). Child Well-being in Rich Countries A comparative overview. Innocenti Report. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https//www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11_eng.pdf

Violence on Televison and its Effect on Children Essay -- TV Media Agg

Bang- Bang Youre dead, Charlie says to Andrew as they are honoring Cops on the television. NO That is not fair, we didnt get into a fight, and we need to get into a fight before we shot each other Andrew announced to Charlie as he starts to stand up Well, then steal something and I volition come after you just like in the show According to one researcher, Before children reach the age of 18, they spend approximately 22,000 hours watching television, and about 200,000 violent acts (Gunter 23). Violence can come in many forms, but out of all the violence in the media, the television plays a spectacular role in child development. There is plenty of evidence that the viewing of violent programs on television contributes to aggressive behavior in children. The words intrusion and violence are used interchangeably and mean the same thing. Aggression is, regarded as human behavior which deliberately attempts to cause injury to other mint or things that are not ones one. According to Van der Voort, aggression can be direct or indirect or personal or non-physical (20). There are many definitions which describe aggression and they all focus on the fact that one is doing harm to themselves or to others. Violence on television may not affect all children the same way, but it has an effect on everyone (Honig 66). Children will respond to violence in any authority, it is how more than they respond to that is important. In the magazine Young Children, a researcher named Gouze reports that child fell into high or low aggressive groups, depending on their ideas of how they would solve the puzzle socially with other (68). Aggression/violence is present in the world. Violence on television influences childr... ...of horrible act when in a bad situation Andrews mom announced after she saw what they playing. OK fine, but I get to pick out what book to read NO I get to pick it out No I do Charlie and Andrew from there after, never vie Cops again , instead they read a book or played with Andrews little sister Amber. The negative effects of violence on television influence the way children act in a social environment. If parents knew precisely how the television influences their loved ones, maybe they would take more of an effort to try to stop this aggressive behavior before it starts. Violence comes in many forms that virtually every child will either possess or witness. Violence in children is inevitable in some sort of instance aggression will be apart of a childs life. Dealing with violence and aggression is the most important objective in child development.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Essay -- Franklin D. Roosev

In 1929, The Great Depression seized America. The country wallowed for four historic period in desperation, until a new leader was elected. Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to the presidency in 1933 focused and with a plan like never before. His so called New Deal was the mental institution of policy at the time, and the public responded in turn. The country seemed to be on the steady process to recovery. The twelve years of desperation from 1929 to 1941 changed the face of America today. turn kissing away college scholarships and hours at my government-sponsored after-school job, I had a revelation like a concertgoer at the 69 Woodstock (minus the LSD) these two defining periods of American level were simultaneously changing my life despite the eighty years difference in that moment. As we continue on our own path to what we hope result repair the shards of our shattered American capitalism, I wondered if my faith in President Obamas plan was justified. The similarities between the 2009 recovery and the New Deal were immense, and I seek my answer by dint of analyzing Franklin D. Roosevelts response to an even greater economic plight. Economists still debate the true success of the New Deal and the resounding doctor it had on the country. Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal policies eventually succeeded in rebuilding the American economy to functionality and its legacy is still proving effective in todays modern economic dilemmas. In the 1920s the United States was on the road to recovery. Having survived World War I and now an established international powerhouse, the U.S. economy was decorous a lion in world economics. The American stock market had risen to new heights, and had become a central force in the American economy. However, like a child with sugar and climbing a tree, this proved to be more of a demon than a blessing. An article published in the New York Times on March 24, 1929 described the credit frenzy of the decade the number of brokerage a ccounts had doubled in the past two years 1927-1929. . . . It is quite true that the people who know the least about the stock market have made the most money out of it in the farthermost few months. Fools who rushed in where wise men feared to tread ran up high gains. (Norris) This article was the doomsday prophecy that soon came true. The stock market suffered through scrapes and scratches in the months th... ...ss, n.d. Web. 9 Dec. 2009. . Grant, James. From Bear to Bull. Wall Street Journal Eastern Edition 19 Sept. 2009 W1+. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Nov. 2009 Lohr, Steve Echoes of 1933?. New York Times direct 141.11 (2009) 8. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 9 Nov. 2009 Nicholas, Phil, Jr. THE AGENCY THAT KEPT GOING THE LATE NEW DEAL SEC AND SHAREHOLDER DEMOCRACY. Journal of Policy register 16.3 (2004) 212-238. America History & Life. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. Norris, Floyd. Looking Back at The Crash of 1929. The New York Times 15 Oct. 1999, web edition ed. Web . 17 Nov. 2009. . Olson, James Stuart. Saving Capitalism The reconstructive memory Finance Corporation and the New Deal, 1933-1940. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1988. Shlaes, Amity Deal or No Deal? (Cover story). Time 173.26 (2009) 38-42. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 17 Nov. 2009. Zagorin, Adam, and Michael Weisskopf. Inside the Breakdown At the SEC. Time 173.9 (2009) 34. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 28 Apr. 2010.

Essay --

The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse (Burke). Lies, power, and selfishness can destroy families, friendships, and towns. When a person has power, they may not use it properly. There realise been many instances where this has happened, but two main examples are in the novel The Crucible, and in McCarthyism. The Crucible is connected to McCarthyism by its model of a desire for power, unsubstantiated accusations, and the detrimental effects of these accusations. BEGIN The root of the problem in both The Crucible and McCarthyism was an extreme desire for power. In the novel, Danforth and Hathorne instantly gained power as they sentenced the charge to jail and death. They were so caught up in the power that they were gaining, that they listened to outlandish accusations, not stopping to think if they could be false. Danforth and Hathorne were seen as heroes to the people that were caught up in the bedlam and paranoia of witchcraft. This was their motivation in their pr osecution. Also, Abigail and the other girls were driven by selfishness. Ruth and Betty accused innocent people of the crime because they did not want to get in trouble, as did Tituba. Abigail accused Elizabeth Proctor because she wanted to be with John. Mary went along with the girls for fear that they would turn on her. No one with power had the courage to speak up and admit what they were doing was wrong (The Crucible). Because of their abuse of power, the town was destroyed. Power in the hands of a selfish person is disastrous.Power was also an important theme in McCarthyism. Joseph McCarthy showed signs of his desire for power early in his life. He led a corrupt campaign to become a circuit court judge, which was a bespeak of what he was willi... ...e of both of these events was victory for the victims. There is a strong connection between McCarthyism and the Salem With Trials, which are what The Crucible is based on. Arthur Miller immediately accepted this link, and display ed a great example of an abuse of power, and people going to great measures to get what they want (Brater). The desire for power, unsubstantiated accusations, and the detrimental effects of these accusations are the ways in which The Crucible is connected to McCarthyism. Power and selfishness can destroy the lives of those that possess it, and the lives of people around them. Humans are easily influenced by what others do and say, which is why people can gain power so easily. It is the choice of the powerful to use their power in the correct way. When power is misused, paranoia and chaos, as well as many other negative effects result.

Got Trees?The New American Youth Counterculture :: essays research papers

Brad turns to his companion Les. He is wearing an oversized t-shirt sporting well-nigh trendy pop- stopping point phrase that has long since lost any reference or significance. He sports jeans that are neither loose nor tight, very functional. Brad is in essence, every man America. Les is a skinny short boy, pale with frizzy blond hair. He too is dressed in a peculiar sort of anti-fashion, a fashion so slyly plain and unrecognizable that it defies the very nature of fashion itself. They are both seventeen. "Yo, whens Tim coming back with our trees? I collect to blaze before I go home." Engaged in the continuing struggle to find marijuana, Brad is neither distressed nor overly excited, but displays a Taoist sort of calm. Les responds with an ambivalent answer and a request - "Whats the best kind of music to listen to while youre high?" In this simple question, Les whitethorn anticipate the next wave of marijuana culture. But to understand the cultural currents and n ature of this existential convergence, we must first dive deeper into what has become the most good counterculture of modern times. marihuana was originally viewed as merely another tool for spiritual short cuts and mind expansion. At this point, it was confined to an elite group of self-righteous hipsters who could find no better way to communicate the essence of the drug that outdated modes of artistic expression. However, in post-psychedelic America, marijuana soon took on a new, more democratically inspired significance. Marijuana became a more recreational drug, soon finding its way into the melting pot for subversive trend, teenage America. Marijuana is a mild hallucinogen, but really its more like a combination of speed and rat poison, only not bad for you. Marijuana makes each(prenominal) moment significant. The now takes on supreme importance. The future and the past become no longer points for idle speculations, but reductions of functionality constrained by the now. It is this post-temporal affect that serves to manumit users from their previous outdated modalities of experience-defined enjoyment. Experience is secondary to the transcending reality of every moment. Cognizant of the fact that meaningful experience is really quite unlikely, these post-hedonists embrace the continuation of their culture as a surrogate for experience when the now is the all, an experience is created. There is little risk of long term consequence, as they recognize the danger in harder drugs like ecstasy, which is a combination of coke and heroin, and LSD, which is essentially pure speed.